Meningitis basics
Meningitis is an infection of the "meninges," the fine membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This infection is most commonly caused by either a bacterium or a virus. Although many people harbor various bacteria and viruses in their throat and nasal passages without ill effects, it is unknown why this infection sometimes becomes invasive and enters the bloodstream, making its way to the meninges, Nelson says.
Viral meningitis in most cases is a benign disease with much less serious consequences and permanent damage than bacterial meningitis. Viral meningitis is more common in the summer months and is spread by hand-to-mouth contact. The majority of symptoms disappear within three to four days with no residual complications.
"If you or a family member has been in contact with someone who is diagnosed with viral meningitis, do not panic but instead monitor for signs of the disease," Nelson says. "Unless they have symptoms, there's no need to go to the doctor's office or emergency room."
Bacterial meningitis is a much more serious infection and the need for early diagnosis and treatment is essential for the best outcomes, Nelson says.

Meningitis symptoms
Symptoms for both forms of meningitis are high fever, headache, and stiff neck but may also include nausea, vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, hallucinations, and seizures.
While the germs that cause bacterial meningitis may be spread from person to person, they are not spread by casual contact or simply breathing the air where a person with meningitis has been, Nelson says.
"The bacteria are spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions through kissing and drinking from the same glass," he says. "Oftentimes, there is a real panic with bacterial meningitis… only those who have been in very close contact with the infected person are at risk."

Bacterial meningitis
If bacterial meningitis is suspected, the patient should seek care immediately. The diagnosis is generally confirmed through a lumbar puncture to test for bacteria. The patient is then treated with antibiotics.
If not treated early, the disease can result in death, and in many cases cause brain injuries, hearing loss, or learning disabilities.
"If you or a family member has had close contact with someone who has bacterial meningitis, call your family physician or local health department to get more information," Nelson suggests.

Kristi Lopez is an information specialist with the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Office of Public Relations.